Learning a foreign language such as English and communication one's ideas through the medium of that language is a skill by itself.
Among the four equally important skills of learning a language, writing is one and without a proper acquisition of that skill, correct expression of one's idea in writing is not possible.
Writing skill cannot be acquired without perfecting oneself in spelling and punctuation.
In the matter of writing, English Language, to a large extent, is governed by certain orthographic conventions.
The peculiarity of this language lies in the fact that spelling in English is not phonetic.
That is, the letters often do not conform to the sounds of speech.
One letter may stand for more than one sound and one sound may be expressed by more than one symbol.
For instance, the letter "u" represents five different sounds,as in
put , but, busy, bury, unity.
The sound /e/ is represented by "e" in "real",
"a" in "many"
"ay" in "rays"
"ai" in "said"
"ea" in "bread"
"u" in "bury"
"ue" in "guest"
"ei" in "leisure"
"ie" in " friend"
"eo" in "leopard"
The sound /k/ is denoted by k, c, ck, ch, qu as in
kind, can, sick, chorus, queen respectively
Sometimes a letter, inspite of its presence, becomes silent without expressing any sound, as
"k" in " Knowledge"
"s" in " island"
"g" in "gnaw"
"p" in "psychology"
"b" in "doubt"
"gh" in " daughter"
"d" in "judge"
In ENglish language there are 26 letters, but the language has 44 sounds.
This fact leads to the simple truth that some letters of the alphabet are expected to do multiple duties and represent more than one sound.
On account of this intrinsic problem, sometimes it is difficult to spell ENglish words correctly.
The best way of learning and remembering the correct spelling of ENglish vocabulary is through constant reading and careful observation of the difficult areas and peculiarities of spelling which should enable you to fix them in your memory.
Besides cultivating the habit of constant reading, if you make yourself familiar with the general principles that govern the system of spelling, you can steadily learn how to spell words correctly and avoid mistakes in spelling.
1) Final "e"
Words ending in silent "e" drop the "e" when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added to them, but keep it before a suffix beginning with a consonant.
*) Live *)Lived *) Living *) Lively
*) Love *) Lovable *) loving *) lovely
*) Hope *) Hoped *) Hoping *) Hopeful
*) fate *) fated *) fatal *) fateful
*) trouble *) troubled *) troubling *) Troublesome
*) use *) used *) using *) useful
*) Continue *) Continuing
*) Smile *) Smiling
Exceptions : seeing, agreeing,guaranteeing, saleable
*) True *) Truly *) Awe *) Awful
*) Whole *) wholly *) argue *) argument
*) Nine *) Ninth *) judge *) judgement
*) Wise *) Wisdom
NOTE:- Words ending in -ce and -ge retain the silent "e" when the suffixes "-ous" and "able" are added to them.
*) advantage *) advantageous *) service *) serviceable
*) courage *) courageous *) manage *) manageable
*) outrage *) outrageous *) change *) changeable
Words ending in "ie" change the "ie" to "y" when "-ing" is added.
*) Die *) Dying
*) Tie *) Tying
*) Lie *) Lying
2) Final 'y'
!) The final 'y' of a word changes to 'i' before any ending excepting if it is preceded by a consonant :
*) cry *)crying *)cried
*)deny *)denying *)denied
*)marry *)marrying *)married
*)try *)trying *) tried
*)purify *)purifying *)purified
*)hurry *)hurrying *)hurried
*)multiply *)multiplying *)multiplied *)multiplication
*)terrify *)terrifying *)terrified
*)qualify *) qualifying *)qualified *)qualification
*)study *)studying *)studied *)studies
*)supply *)supplying *)supplied
*)reply *)replying *)replied
*)bury *)burying *)buried *)burial
(!!) The final"y" does not change if it is preceded by a vowel:
*) Stay *)staying *) stayed
*)play *)playing *)played
*)pray *)praying *)prayed
*)display *)displaying *)displayed
*)obey *)obeying *)obeyed
*)delay *)delaying *)delayed
*)convey *)conveying *)conveyed
Exceptions:-
*)Day *)daily
*)gay *)gaily
*)lay *)laid
*)pay *)paid
*)say *)said
(!!!) When making plural or adding the ending of the third person singular of the present Simple Tense:
a)The "y" preceded by a consonant changes to "i" and takes "-es" :
*)study *)studies
*)cry *)cries
*)supply *)supplies
*)baby *)babies
*)reply *)replies
*)glory *)glories
*)story *)stories
(b) The "y" preceded by a vowel remains unchanged and take "-s":
*)Monkey *)monkeys
*)valley *)valleys
*)chimney *)chimneys
*)enjoy *)enjoys
*)day *)days
*)sway *)sways
*)way *)ways
*)ray *)rays
3). When a mono-syllabic word ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled before suffixes beginning with a vowel.
*)drop *)dropped *)dropping
*)run *)running *)runner
*)beg *)begged *)begging *)beggar
*)rob *)robbed *)robbing *)robber
*)fat *)fatter *)fattest *)fatty
*)beg-ar = beggar
*)big -er = bigger
*)nag -ing = nagging
*)hate -er = hatter
*) pot -er = potter
*) hum-ing = humming
*) step -ing = stepping
*) hid -en = hidden
*) sun -y = sunny
*)fit -est = fittest
*)rid- ance = riddance
*)let -ing = letting
*) rob -er = robber
*) mud -y = muddy
*)run -er = runner
*) sit -ing = sitting
*) war -ior = warrior
a. Words of more than one syllable follow the above rule only when the stress is on the last syllable :
*) admit *) admitted *)admitting *)admittance
*)begin *) beginning *) beginner
*)confer *)conferred
*)omit *)omitted
*)commit *)committed
*)regret *)regretted
If the stress is not on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled :
*)differ *)difference
*)consider-ed *)considered
*)loyal-ist *)loyalist
*)enter-ing *)entering
*)suffer *)suffered *)suffering
*)offer *)offered
*)happen *)happened
*)visit *)visited *)visitor
*)murder *)murdered *)murderer
Exceptions :
*)handicap *)handicapped
*)kidnap *)kidnapped
*)worship *) worshipped
c) If the word ends in two consonants, or a consonant preceded by two vowels, doubling of consonant does not occur before any ending :
*)fall *)fell *)fallen
*)fast *)faster *)fastest
*)last *)lasting
*)beat *)beaten
*)cheap *)cheaper
*)seat *)seating
*)weep *)weeping
*)boil *)boiling
*)root *)rooted
*)gold *)golden
Exception: wool - woolen
d). Words of one syllable written with a vowel do not end with the single consonants -s, -f, -c, -l, -z
*)cliff *)jazz *)mass *)staff *)stiff
*)kill *)hell *)mill *)sell *)stuff
*)kiss *)hill *)miss *)pull *)push
Exceptions: this, his,if, bus, has
e). Mono-syllabic words with one vowel do not end in -c(alone) ; usually they end in -ck
*)lick *)sick *)back
*)luck *)suck *)brick
f). Monosyllabic words with two vowels do not end in -ck but they end in "k" alone;
*)beak *)leak *)steak *)teak
*)break *)leaf *)steal *)tool
*)book *)look *)stool *)room
g). Mono-syllabic words with one vowel never end in a single
"-l" ; mono-syllabic words with two vowels never end in
-ll.
*)still *)bill *)steal *)pool
*)stall *)rill *)stool *)peel
*)skill *)kill *)weal *)tool
4. The Doubling of "L":
In words of more than one syllable that end in one vowel and the consonant "L", even if the stress is on the first syllable, double the "L" before an ending beginning with a vowel.
*)appal *)appalled
*)fulfil *)fulfilled
*)quarrel *)quarrelled
*)repel *)repellant
*)travel *)traveller
*)jewel *)jeweller
*)cancel *)cancelled
Exceptions: appealed,repealed, paralleled, civility(American usage has the single "L" in all cases).
a) When we add full at the ending of a word, the second "L" is dropped.
*)use *)useful
*)sorrow *)sorrowful
b) If the word with suffix-ful ends in -ll, the second -l is dropped :
*)skill *)skilful
Among the four equally important skills of learning a language, writing is one and without a proper acquisition of that skill, correct expression of one's idea in writing is not possible.
Writing skill cannot be acquired without perfecting oneself in spelling and punctuation.
In the matter of writing, English Language, to a large extent, is governed by certain orthographic conventions.
The peculiarity of this language lies in the fact that spelling in English is not phonetic.
That is, the letters often do not conform to the sounds of speech.
One letter may stand for more than one sound and one sound may be expressed by more than one symbol.
For instance, the letter "u" represents five different sounds,as in
put , but, busy, bury, unity.
The sound /e/ is represented by "e" in "real",
"a" in "many"
"ay" in "rays"
"ai" in "said"
"ea" in "bread"
"u" in "bury"
"ue" in "guest"
"ei" in "leisure"
"ie" in " friend"
"eo" in "leopard"
The sound /k/ is denoted by k, c, ck, ch, qu as in
kind, can, sick, chorus, queen respectively
Sometimes a letter, inspite of its presence, becomes silent without expressing any sound, as
"k" in " Knowledge"
"s" in " island"
"g" in "gnaw"
"p" in "psychology"
"b" in "doubt"
"gh" in " daughter"
"d" in "judge"
In ENglish language there are 26 letters, but the language has 44 sounds.
This fact leads to the simple truth that some letters of the alphabet are expected to do multiple duties and represent more than one sound.
On account of this intrinsic problem, sometimes it is difficult to spell ENglish words correctly.
The best way of learning and remembering the correct spelling of ENglish vocabulary is through constant reading and careful observation of the difficult areas and peculiarities of spelling which should enable you to fix them in your memory.
Besides cultivating the habit of constant reading, if you make yourself familiar with the general principles that govern the system of spelling, you can steadily learn how to spell words correctly and avoid mistakes in spelling.
1) Final "e"
Words ending in silent "e" drop the "e" when a suffix beginning with a vowel is added to them, but keep it before a suffix beginning with a consonant.
*) Live *)Lived *) Living *) Lively
*) Love *) Lovable *) loving *) lovely
*) Hope *) Hoped *) Hoping *) Hopeful
*) fate *) fated *) fatal *) fateful
*) trouble *) troubled *) troubling *) Troublesome
*) use *) used *) using *) useful
*) Continue *) Continuing
*) Smile *) Smiling
Exceptions : seeing, agreeing,guaranteeing, saleable
*) True *) Truly *) Awe *) Awful
*) Whole *) wholly *) argue *) argument
*) Nine *) Ninth *) judge *) judgement
*) Wise *) Wisdom
NOTE:- Words ending in -ce and -ge retain the silent "e" when the suffixes "-ous" and "able" are added to them.
*) advantage *) advantageous *) service *) serviceable
*) courage *) courageous *) manage *) manageable
*) outrage *) outrageous *) change *) changeable
Words ending in "ie" change the "ie" to "y" when "-ing" is added.
*) Die *) Dying
*) Tie *) Tying
*) Lie *) Lying
2) Final 'y'
!) The final 'y' of a word changes to 'i' before any ending excepting if it is preceded by a consonant :
*) cry *)crying *)cried
*)deny *)denying *)denied
*)marry *)marrying *)married
*)try *)trying *) tried
*)purify *)purifying *)purified
*)hurry *)hurrying *)hurried
*)multiply *)multiplying *)multiplied *)multiplication
*)terrify *)terrifying *)terrified
*)qualify *) qualifying *)qualified *)qualification
*)study *)studying *)studied *)studies
*)supply *)supplying *)supplied
*)reply *)replying *)replied
*)bury *)burying *)buried *)burial
(!!) The final"y" does not change if it is preceded by a vowel:
*) Stay *)staying *) stayed
*)play *)playing *)played
*)pray *)praying *)prayed
*)display *)displaying *)displayed
*)obey *)obeying *)obeyed
*)delay *)delaying *)delayed
*)convey *)conveying *)conveyed
Exceptions:-
*)Day *)daily
*)gay *)gaily
*)lay *)laid
*)pay *)paid
*)say *)said
(!!!) When making plural or adding the ending of the third person singular of the present Simple Tense:
a)The "y" preceded by a consonant changes to "i" and takes "-es" :
*)study *)studies
*)cry *)cries
*)supply *)supplies
*)baby *)babies
*)reply *)replies
*)glory *)glories
*)story *)stories
(b) The "y" preceded by a vowel remains unchanged and take "-s":
*)Monkey *)monkeys
*)valley *)valleys
*)chimney *)chimneys
*)enjoy *)enjoys
*)day *)days
*)sway *)sways
*)way *)ways
*)ray *)rays
3). When a mono-syllabic word ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled before suffixes beginning with a vowel.
*)drop *)dropped *)dropping
*)run *)running *)runner
*)beg *)begged *)begging *)beggar
*)rob *)robbed *)robbing *)robber
*)fat *)fatter *)fattest *)fatty
*)beg-ar = beggar
*)big -er = bigger
*)nag -ing = nagging
*)hate -er = hatter
*) pot -er = potter
*) hum-ing = humming
*) step -ing = stepping
*) hid -en = hidden
*) sun -y = sunny
*)fit -est = fittest
*)rid- ance = riddance
*)let -ing = letting
*) rob -er = robber
*) mud -y = muddy
*)run -er = runner
*) sit -ing = sitting
*) war -ior = warrior
a. Words of more than one syllable follow the above rule only when the stress is on the last syllable :
*) admit *) admitted *)admitting *)admittance
*)begin *) beginning *) beginner
*)confer *)conferred
*)omit *)omitted
*)commit *)committed
*)regret *)regretted
If the stress is not on the last syllable, the consonant is not doubled :
*)differ *)difference
*)consider-ed *)considered
*)loyal-ist *)loyalist
*)enter-ing *)entering
*)suffer *)suffered *)suffering
*)offer *)offered
*)happen *)happened
*)visit *)visited *)visitor
*)murder *)murdered *)murderer
Exceptions :
*)handicap *)handicapped
*)kidnap *)kidnapped
*)worship *) worshipped
c) If the word ends in two consonants, or a consonant preceded by two vowels, doubling of consonant does not occur before any ending :
*)fall *)fell *)fallen
*)fast *)faster *)fastest
*)last *)lasting
*)beat *)beaten
*)cheap *)cheaper
*)seat *)seating
*)weep *)weeping
*)boil *)boiling
*)root *)rooted
*)gold *)golden
Exception: wool - woolen
d). Words of one syllable written with a vowel do not end with the single consonants -s, -f, -c, -l, -z
*)cliff *)jazz *)mass *)staff *)stiff
*)kill *)hell *)mill *)sell *)stuff
*)kiss *)hill *)miss *)pull *)push
Exceptions: this, his,if, bus, has
e). Mono-syllabic words with one vowel do not end in -c(alone) ; usually they end in -ck
*)lick *)sick *)back
*)luck *)suck *)brick
f). Monosyllabic words with two vowels do not end in -ck but they end in "k" alone;
*)beak *)leak *)steak *)teak
*)break *)leaf *)steal *)tool
*)book *)look *)stool *)room
g). Mono-syllabic words with one vowel never end in a single
"-l" ; mono-syllabic words with two vowels never end in
-ll.
*)still *)bill *)steal *)pool
*)stall *)rill *)stool *)peel
*)skill *)kill *)weal *)tool
4. The Doubling of "L":
In words of more than one syllable that end in one vowel and the consonant "L", even if the stress is on the first syllable, double the "L" before an ending beginning with a vowel.
*)appal *)appalled
*)fulfil *)fulfilled
*)quarrel *)quarrelled
*)repel *)repellant
*)travel *)traveller
*)jewel *)jeweller
*)cancel *)cancelled
Exceptions: appealed,repealed, paralleled, civility(American usage has the single "L" in all cases).
a) When we add full at the ending of a word, the second "L" is dropped.
*)use *)useful
*)sorrow *)sorrowful
b) If the word with suffix-ful ends in -ll, the second -l is dropped :
*)skill *)skilful
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